Html 4.0 is the lastest version of the HyperText Markup Language.
Separation of
Structure and Presentation
By deprecating many presentational features from
HTML 3.2 and adding hooks for style sheets, HTML 4.0
encourages separating a document's structure from its
presentation. This concept is key to understanding HTML 4.0.
When authors use HTML to markup a document's structure and style sheets to suggest the document's presentation, they can more easily achieve the device-independence that helped bring HTML its initial popularity. A document with a rich structure can be presented in many different ways on different media, allowing the document to adjust to new technologies such as phone or in-car aural browsers. The separation of content and presentation also allows authors to change the presentation of an entire site by editing a single style sheet, providing significant advantages in site maintenance.
Accessibility
Many of HTML 4.0's improvements in the area of
accessibility follow from its emphasis on the separation of
structure and presentation. When HTML is used structurally, a
document can adapt to different browsing environments,
accommodating large fonts, special colors, speech synthesizers,
and Braille tactile feedback devices. This adaptability allows
blind, low-vision, colorblind, and cognitively-challenged users
access to the Web, opening a door for the world's 600 million
disabled people.
HTML 4.0 includes many new elements and attributes aimed at improving the Web's accessibility. The multi-dimensional nature of HTML tables has long posed problems for non-visual browsing, but new attributes on the TABLE, TH, and TD elements allow table summaries and a more explicit association between a cell and its header information. These attributes give non-visual browsers the ability to render a cell's header information, possibly in an abbreviated form, before giving the cell's content.
New elements in HTML 4.0 also bring accessibility improvements to forms. The new FIELDSET element allows form controls to be grouped together and the LEGEND element provides a caption for the group. By grouping related form controls, authors allow those with non-visual browsers to more easily navigate complicated forms. As well, the new LABEL element associates a text label with a form control so that users can more easily determine what information is required in a given field.
Other accessibility improvements include full image descriptions through the LONGDESC attribute on the IMG element, rich alternatives to images and videos through the OBJECT element, and richer alternatives to image maps through a new content model for the MAP element.
Internationalization
To allow representation of the world's languages,
HTML 4.0 adopts the Universal Character Set as its
character set. Previous versions of HTML were restricted to
ISO-8859-1, a character set that only handled some western
European languages. The Universal Character Set is
character-by-character equivalent to Unicode 2.0 and contains
characters for almost all of the world's languages.
The LANG and DIR attributes are new in HTML 4.0 and apply to almost all elements. These attributes allow authors to specify the language and directionality of text. The BDO element allows authors to override the bidirectional algorithm used when right-to-left text such as Hebrew is presented.
HTML 4.0 also offers new entities for easy entry of mathematical symbols and Greek letters as well as other special characters.
Style Sheets
HTML 4.0 adds new hooks for style sheets, which
suggest how a document is presented. The new ID, CLASS, and STYLE
attributes allow style information to be attached to specific
elements. The LINK and STYLE elements have new TYPE and MEDIA
attributes for specifying the style sheet language and target
media, respectively.
Client-side
Scripting
HTML 4.0 embraces client-side scripting through
the addition of a number of new attributes. The SCRIPT element
now includes attributes for specifying the scripting language,
embedding an external script, and deferring execution of a
script. As well, a number of event attributes have been added to
enable execution of a script upon events such as the user
clicking an element, pressing a key, moving the mouse over an
element, or changing the value of a form control.
The NOSCRIPT element, also new in HTML 4.0, provides alternate content for browsers with client-side scripting disabled or not supported.
Frames
The inclusion of frames in HTML 4.0 gives
authors the ability to present multiple documents in one window.
The frames model used in HTML 4.0 is not changed from the
flawed frames model originally proposed by Netscape.
Advanced Tables
The simple table model of HTML 3.2 is
expanded in HTML 4.0 to include row and column groups,
greater flexibility in defining a table's rules, and
accessibility improvements. The use of row groups (THEAD, TFOOT,
TBODY) allows visual browsers to render static header and footer
rows with scrollable body rows, thus improving the readability of
large tables.
Maintained by Nick Grant < htmlstudio@talk21.com >
Copyright © 2000 Nick Grant. All Rights Reserved.